{"id":3707,"date":"2020-11-26T03:27:24","date_gmt":"2020-11-26T03:27:24","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/fetalradiology.in\/?p=3707"},"modified":"2020-11-26T03:39:59","modified_gmt":"2020-11-26T03:39:59","slug":"screen-positivity-rates-to-identify-pregnant-women-in-the-first-trimester-at-high-risk-for-preterm-preeclampsia-in-india-results-from-the-samrakshan-program","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/fetalradiology.co.in\/?p=3707","title":{"rendered":"Screen Positivity Rates to identify pregnant women in the first trimester at high risk for preterm preeclampsia in India-Results from the Samrakshan Program"},"content":{"rendered":"\n

Authors<\/strong>: Rijo M Choorakuttil, Shilpa Satarkar, Anjali\nGupta, Devarajan P, Lalit K Sharma, Akanksha Baghel, Neelam Jain, Bavaharan R, Praveen\nK Nirmalan for Team Samrakshan<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Author Affiliations<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

  1. Rijo\nM Choorakuttil, National Chairperson for Samrakshan IRIA, AMMA Center for\nDiagnosis and Preventive Medicine, Kochi, Kerala, India<\/li>
  2. Shilpa\nR Satarkar, Antarang Sonography and Colour Doppler Center, Satarkar Hospital,\nPlot 20, Tilaknagar, Aurangabad, Maharashtra, India<\/li>
  3. Anjali\nGupta, Anjali Ultrasound and Colour Doppler centre, 2nd floor, Shanti Madhuban\nPlaza, Delhi Gate, Agra, Uttar Pradesh, India<\/li>
  4. Devarajan P, Nethra Scans and Genetic Clinic,\nTiruppur, Tamil Nadu, India<\/li>
  5. Lalit\nK Sharma, Raj Sonography & X- Ray Clinic, Baiju Choraha, Nayapura, Guna,\nMadhya Pradesh, India<\/li>
  6. Akanksha\nBaghel, Baghel Sonography Center. Front of Janpat Office, near District\nHospital, Harda, Madhya Pradesh, India<\/li>
  7. Neelam\nJain, Jain Ultrasound centre, C-112, B block, Dispensary road Sonari,\nJamshedpur Jharkhand, India<\/li>
  8. Bavaharan\nR, Fetocare Magnum Imaging and Diagnostics, Trichy, Tamil Nadu, India<\/li>
  9. Praveen\nK Nirmalan, Chief Research Mentor, AMMA ERF, AMMA Center for Diagnosis and\nPreventive Medicine, Kochi, Kerala, India<\/li><\/ol>\n\n\n\n

    Corresponding Author<\/strong>: Rijo M Choorakuttil, National Chairperson\nfor Samrakshan IRIA, AMMA Center for Diagnosis and Preventive Medicine, Kochi,\nKerala, India. E-mail: samrakshaniria@gmail.com<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    Abstract<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

    Aim<\/strong>: To compare the screen positivity rates in the\nfirst trimester using clinic-demographic factors with an algorithm including\nmean arterial pressure (MAP) and mean uterine artery (UtA) pulsatility index\n(PI) for early identification of pregnant women at risk for preterm\npreeclampsia (PE).<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    Methods<\/strong>:  An\nopportunistic screening program determined clinico-demographic details, MAP and\nmean UtA PI in the first trimester of pregnancy. Pregnant women were\ncategorized as at high or moderate risk for preterm PE based on the presence of\nat least one clinico-demographic risk factor. Customized risk estimates derived\nfrom the algorithm that included MAP and UtA PI were used to categorize women\nas at risk for preterm PE based on three cutoff criteria- 1 in 150, 1 in 100\nand 1 in 50. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

    Results<\/strong>: The data of 1,456 pregnant women between 11-13+6<\/sup> gestation weeks from 7 states in India were analyzed. Two hundred and sixty-seven (18.34%, 95% CI: 16.35, 20.33) women were identified as at risk for preterm PE based on clinico-demographic factors including 87 (5.98%, 95% CI: 4.76, 7.19) women at high risk and 181 (12.43%, 95% CI: 10.73, 14.13) women at moderate risk for preterm PE. The addition of MAP & mean UtA PI identified 495 (34.00%, 95% CI: 31.56, 36.43) women at risk for preterm PE based on a 1 in 150 cutoff and 318 (21.84%, 95% CI: 19.72, 23.97) and 153 (10.51%, 8.93, 12.08) women as at risk based on a 1 in 100 and 1 in 50 cut-offs respectively.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    Conclusion<\/strong>: The addition of MAP and mean UtA PI besides\nclinico-demographic details identify significantly more screen positive pregnant\nwomen at risk for preterm PE in this population. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

    Keywords: Preeclampsia, Screening, Fetal Doppler, Blood Pressure, Uterine Artery<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    Introduction<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

    Pre-eclampsia (PE) remains a leading cause for maternal morbidity\nincluding severe acute maternal morbidity (SAMM) and mortality worldwide.(1) PE affects 2\u20138% of pregnancies\nworldwide with a systematic review covering 40 countries and 39 million women reporting\nan incidence of 4.6% of all deliveries for preeclampsia and 1.4% for eclampsia,\nwhile a secondary analysis of WHO data found the combined PE\/E prevalence to be\n4%. (2,3) PE is associated with 10\u201315% of\ndirect maternal deaths and up to 25% of stillbirths and newborn deaths in\ndeveloping countries. (2) Annually, approximately 76,000\nmothers die worldwide from PE in the perinatal period.(1) An estimated 500,000 perinatal\nfetal deaths worldwide are attributed to PE each year.(1) The prevalence of PE is higher in\nlower resource countries and may be attributed partly to the quality of\nperinatal care in these countries.(4) Countries with greater resources\nhave a different set of risk factors for PE that include chronic diseases like\nhypertension, diabetes mellitus, chronic kidney diseases, obesity, advanced\nmaternal age, and artificial modes of conception. Countries in an\nepidemiological transition like India have an increased prevalence of PE linked\nto the quality of antenatal care and changing risk factors including metabolic\nsyndromes, elderly mothers, and artificial conception. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

    The diagnosis of PE is a challenge with several operating definitions\napplied across populations or even within countries. The International Society\nfor the Study of Hypertension in Pregnancy (ISSHP) definition of PE is recognized\nfor global practice(1) and may lead to standardization of\nthe diagnosis and estimates.  Accurate\nprediction of PE, Early identification of women at risk for PE and uniform\naccess to preventive care are challenges in pregnancy and screening for PE at a\ncommunity or population level remains disjointed with several approaches and\nstrategies at the national and regional levels. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

    Samrakshan is a national program of the Indian Radiological and Imaging\nAssociation (IRIA) that aims to reduce perinatal mortality in India through an opportunistic\nscreening program focused on PE and Fetal Growth Restriction (FGR) that\nintegrates mean arterial blood pressure measurements (MAP) and fetal doppler\nstudies in the risk estimates.(5) In this manuscript, we compare the\nscreen positivity rate between the conventionally used clinical and demographic\nrisk history profile and a protocol that integrates MAP and mean uterine artery\n(UtA) pulsatility index (PI) in the 1st<\/sup> trimester, for the early\nidentification of pregnant women at risk for preterm PE. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

    Methods<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

    Opportunistic screening is offered to pregnant women at Radiology Units as part of Samrakshan either as a walk-in option or as referrals from other medical disciplines. Each woman is assigned a centre specific unique identification number. A detailed personal, medical, and obstetric history is collected from each pregnant woman. The first-trimester screening protocol is offered to pregnant women between 11 and 13+6<\/sup> gestational weeks. (6) The last menstrual period is ascertained by a recall from the woman and an ultrasound dating scan, and an estimated date of delivery (EDD) is assigned and documented. The EDD, once assigned is not changed thereafter, and forms the basis for further assessments of fetal growth. The fetal crown-rump length (CRL) is measured and fetuses with a CRL <45mm and >84mm are excluded from the program. The MAP is measured using two digital blood pressure reading apparatus, one for each upper arm. Both arms are measured simultaneously and twice with a minimum interval of 1 minute between measurements. The MAP is measured with the woman seated comfortably, feet placed on the ground, in a silent environment. Fetal ultrasound studies focused on the number of fetuses, viability of fetus, fetal growth, fetal environment, and structure are carried out using a transabdominal or transvaginal approach. Fetal Doppler studies are performed simultaneously with a specific focus on the PI of the right and left uterine arteries and a mean uterine artery PI and percentile is determined for each woman. (7)<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    The clinico-demographic details are transcribed into an online free risk\nestimator developed by the Fetal Medicine Foundation, UK, to determine individual\nrisk estimates for preterm PE and FGR for each woman.(8) A 1 in 150 cutoff is considered as\nhigh risk for the development of preterm PE. Additionally, we considered a 1 in\n50 cutoff for severe risk and a 1 in 100 cutoff for moderate risk for the subsequent\ndevelopment of preterm PE. We considered the presence of anyone of PE in a past\npregnancy, chronic hypertension, diabetes mellitus, chronic kidney disease, systemic\nlupus erythematosus and anti-phospholipid syndrome, and artificial conception\nas high risk for PE. The presence of any one of obesity (body mass index >30kg\/m2<\/sup>),\nfamily history of PE and maternal age >35 years were considered as moderate\nrisk factors for PE. Multiple pregnancies were not included in this analysis.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

     The data were transcribed into a\nsecure online google form and converted in real-time to a google spreadsheet. The\ndata was exported into STATA version 12.0 (Stata Corp, Tx, USA) for further\nanalysis. The screen positivity rates, using the clinico-demographic history in\nisolation and after integration of MAP and mean UtA PI are presented as point\nestimates and 95% confidence intervals and compared using the test of\nproportions. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

    Results<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

    The study included data from 1,456 first trimester pregnant women with a\nsingleton live fetus at gestation ages from 11 to 13+6 <\/sup>weeks from Jharkhand,\nKerala, Madhya Pradesh, Maharashtra, Rajasthan, Tamil Nadu, and Uttar Pradesh\nstates of India. The mean age (SD) of women in the study was 27.45 (4.75) years\nand ranged from 18 to 43 years. The distribution of clinico-demographic factors\nis presented in Table-1. The screen positivity rates are presented in Table-2.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    Table-1: Clinico-demographic factors of the 1,456 first trimester\npregnant women screened in Samrakshan<\/p>\n\n\n\n
    \n Factor\n <\/td>\n N, %\n <\/td><\/tr>
    \n Maternal Age >35 years\n <\/td>\n 110 (7.55%)\n <\/td><\/tr>
    \n Maternal Smoking\n <\/td>\n 19 (1.30%)\n <\/td><\/tr>
    \n Family History of PE\n <\/td>\n 9 (0.62%)\n <\/td><\/tr>
    \n In Vitro Fertilization\n <\/td>\n 30 (2.06%)\n <\/td><\/tr>
    \n Ovulation Induction\n <\/td>\n 8 (0.55%)\n <\/td><\/tr>
    \n Chronic Hypertension\n <\/td>\n 22 (1.51%)\n <\/td><\/tr>
    \n Diabetes Mellitus\n <\/td>\n 8 (0.55%)\n <\/td><\/tr>
    \n Systemic Lupus Erythematosus\n <\/td>\n 3 (0.21%)\n <\/td><\/tr>
    \n Anti-phospholipid Syndrome\n <\/td>\n 3 (0.21%)\n <\/td><\/tr>
    \n Obesity \n <\/td>\n 143 (11.64%)\n <\/td><\/tr>
    \n Nulliparous \n <\/td>\n 843 (57.90%)\n <\/td><\/tr>
    \n Preeclampsia in a previous\n delivery \n <\/td>\n 23 (3.75%)\n <\/td><\/tr>
    \n Mean arterial pressure >95th<\/sup>\n percentile\n <\/td>\n 63 (4.33%)\n <\/td><\/tr>
    \n Mean Uterine Artery PI >95th<\/sup>\n percentile\n <\/td>\n 71 (4.88%)\n <\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table>\n\n\n\n

    Table-2: Screen positivity rates based on the 1,456 first trimester pregnant women screened in the Samrakshan Program <\/p>\n\n\n\n

    <\/p>\n\n\n\n
    \n Bayesian Algorithm\n <\/td>\n Screen positivity rate, %, \n <\/td>\n 95% confidence Intervals\n <\/td><\/tr>
    \n 1 in 150 cut off\n <\/td>\n 495 (34.00%)\n <\/td>\n 31.56, 36.43\n <\/td><\/tr>
    \n 1 in 100 cut off\n <\/td>\n 318 (21.84%)\n <\/td>\n 19.72, 23.97\n <\/td><\/tr>
    \n 1 in 50 cut off\n <\/td>\n 153 (10.51%)\n <\/td>\n 8.93, 12.09\n <\/td><\/tr>
    \n Clinico-Demographics\n <\/td>\n  \n <\/td>\n  \n <\/td><\/tr>
    \n Any Risk\n <\/td>\n 267 (18.34%)\n <\/td>\n 16.35, 20.33\n <\/td><\/tr>
    \n High Risk*\n <\/td>\n 87 (5.98%)\n <\/td>\n 4.76, 7.19\n <\/td><\/tr>
    \n Moderate Risk**\n <\/td>\n 181 (12.43%)\n <\/td>\n 10.73, 14.13\n <\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table>\n\n\n\n

    * Anyone of PE in a past pregnancy, chronic hypertension, diabetes\nmellitus, chronic kidney disease, systemic lupus erythematosus and\nanti-phospholipid syndrome, and artificial conception<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    ** Anyone of obesity (body mass index >30kg\/m2<\/sup>), family\nhistory of PE and maternal age >35 years<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    The use of the Bayesian algorithm identified significantly more screen-positive\nwomen at risk for preterm PE compared to the use of the clinico-demographic\ndetails without MAP and mean uterine artery PI (p<0.001). The use of the 1\nin 50 cut off for high risk identified significantly more screen-positive women\ncompared to the high-risk category based on clinico-demographics alone\n(P<0.001).<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    Discussion<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

    The management of PE must consider several challenges including progression to eclampsia, development of placental abruption and HELLP syndrome. The decisions about the timing of childbirth must balance fetal maturity, survival, distress, and maternal wellbeing. PE is associated with higher perinatal mortality rates, infant mortality rates, thrombocytopenia, bronchopulmonary dysplasia, cerebral palsy and an increased risk of type 2 diabetes, cardiovascular disease, and obesity in adult life. (1)  PE is also associated with health problems in later in the life of the woman, including increased risk of death from future cardiovascular disease, hypertension, stroke, renal impairment, metabolic syndrome and diabetes and a reduced life expectancy. (1) The reported rates of PE in India vary from 8% to 10%. and an estimated 1 to 3 million pregnant women are at risk for adverse events from PE in India annually. (9) PE is a major clinical and public health problem for India and is a priority for the Samrakshan program.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    It is currently possible to scale up screening for PE as tools to predict risk and medications to minimize risk are available. The ASPRE trial showed evidence that 150 mg of low dose aspirin at bedtime can minimize the development of preterm PE.(10) A Bayesian competing risk algorithm available online as a free resource allows for the estimation of risk for preterm PE for individuals across most settings and populations.(8) Conventional approaches to identify risk for PE focused on clinico-demographic factors and the presence of at least one high-risk factor or at least two moderate risk factors for PE.  Samrakshan, using the competing risk algorithm that included MAP and mean UtA PI in the model, identified significantly more women as screen positive. This is not surprising as the use of clinical history by recall is a subjective measure that may not be reliable in populations with poor health literacy and access to medical documentation. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

    There are several aspects to consider in the scale-up to screen all pregnant women for risk of PE using the algorithm. The scale-up needs an improved uptake of first-trimester screening of pregnant women between 11 and 14 weeks for early identification of women at risk for PE and to initiate therapy with low dose aspirin. The current uptake of 1st trimester Antenatal care and ultrasound uptake is suboptimal in India.  The National Family Health Survey (NFHS)-4 reported a first-trimester antenatal service uptake of 58% and an overall 60% uptake of ultrasound assessments in pregnancy. (11) The screening should incorporate MAP measurement and fetal doppler studies for mean UtA PI. The paradigm of fetal and antenatal assessments must shift from a focus on structural and congenital abnormalities to a more inclusive model that includes fetal growth and environment besides structure.  Fetal Doppler assessments must become a routine assessment during pregnancy rather than an on-demand examination. Conventional Blood pressure measurements must be standardized to include estimates of mean arterial blood pressure. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

    The definition of PE used in clinical settings must be standardized across India. There are several definitions based on several society guidelines in use in India. It is recommended that a single operational definition applicable across different healthcare settings is used. This helps to determine accurate estimates of the incidence of PE and the effectiveness of the screening tools. Guidelines to start low dose aspirin must be standardized across India. The guidelines by FIGO and ISUOG on screening pregnant women are a start in this direction.(1,7) Training programs to standardize fetal ultrasound and doppler studies are important. The training must focus on post-graduate residents and practicing radiologists to ensure supply of high-quality services. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

    Further studies on detection rates, compliance to low dose aspirin and reduction\nin incidence and risk for preterm PE are needed from different settings and\nregions within India. These will help establish the effectiveness of the\nscreening tool and the need to possibly refine parameters of risk used in the\nalgorithm with specific reference to an Asian Indian population.  <\/p>\n\n\n\n

    References<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    1.            The International\nFederation of Gynecology and Obstetrics (FIGO) Initiative on Preeclampsia (PE):\nA Pragmatic Guide for First Trimester Screening and Prevention [Internet].\n<\/p>\n\n\n[cited 2020 Nov 18]\n\n\n\n

    . Available from: https:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/pmc\/articles\/PMC6944283\/\n\n<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    2.            Duley\nL. The Global Impact of Pre-eclampsia and Eclampsia. Seminars in Perinatology.\n2009 Jun 1;33(3):130\u20137. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

    3.            Bilano\nVL, Ota E, Ganchimeg T, Mori R, Souza JP. Risk Factors of\nPre-Eclampsia\/Eclampsia and Its Adverse Outcomes in Low- and Middle-Income\nCountries: A WHO Secondary Analysis. PLOS ONE. 2014 Mar 21;9(3):e91198. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

    4.            WHO\n| Consultation on improving measurement of the quality of maternal, newborn and\nchild care in health facilities [Internet]. WHO. World Health Organization;\n<\/p>\n\n\n[cited 2020 Nov 26]\n\n\n\n

    . Available from:\nhttp:\/\/www.who.int\/maternal_child_adolescent\/documents\/measuring-care-quality\/en\/\n\n<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    5.            Choorakuttil\nRM, Patel H, Bavaharan R, Devarajan P, Kanhirat S, Shenoy RS, et al.\nSamrakshan: An Indian radiological and imaging association program to reduce\nperinatal mortality in India. Indian Journal of Radiology and Imaging. 2019 Oct\n1;29(4):412. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

    6.            The\nSamrakshan Screening Protocol for Pre-eclampsia in India \u2013 JFR [Internet].\n<\/p>\n\n\n[cited 2020 Nov 26]\n\n\n\n

    . Available from:\nhttp:\/\/fetalradiology.in\/2020\/04\/03\/the-samrakshan-screening-protocol-for-pre-eclampsia-in-india\/\n\n<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    7.            ISUOG\nPractice Guidelines: role of ultrasound in screening for and follow\u2010up of\npre\u2010eclampsia – Sotiriadis – 2019 – Ultrasound in Obstetrics &amp;\nGynecology – Wiley Online Library [Internet]. [cited 2020 Nov 18]. Available\nfrom: https:\/\/obgyn.onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/full\/10.1002\/uog.20105<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    8.            The\nFetal Medicine Foundation [Internet]. [cited 2020 Nov 26]. Available from:\nhttps:\/\/fetalmedicine.org\/research\/assess\/preeclampsia\/first-trimester<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    9.            Preeclampsia\n| National Health Portal Of India [Internet]. [cited 2020 Nov 26]. Available\nfrom: https:\/\/www.nhp.gov.in\/disease\/gynaecology-and-obstetrics\/preeclampsia<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    10.         Rolnik\nDL, Wright D, Poon LCY, Syngelaki A, O\u2019Gorman N, Matallana C de P, et al. ASPRE\ntrial: performance of screening for preterm pre-eclampsia. Ultrasound in\nObstetrics & Gynecology. 2017;50(4):492\u20135. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

    11.         India.pdf\n[Internet]. [cited 2020 Nov 26]. Available from:\nhttp:\/\/rchiips.org\/nfhs\/NFHS-4Reports\/India.pdf<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

    Authors: Rijo M Choorakuttil, Shilpa Satarkar, Anjali Gupta, Devarajan P, Lalit K Sharma, Akanksha Baghel, Neelam Jain, Bavaharan R, Praveen K Nirmalan for Team Samrakshan Author Affiliations Rijo M Choorakuttil, National Chairperson for Samrakshan IRIA, AMMA Center for Diagnosis and Preventive Medicine, Kochi, Kerala, India Shilpa R Satarkar, Antarang Sonography and Colour Doppler Center, Satarkar […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":7,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[14],"tags":[46,96,47,77],"class_list":["post-3707","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-original-article","tag-blood-pressure","tag-fetal-doppler","tag-pre-eclampsia","tag-screening"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/fetalradiology.co.in\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/3707","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/fetalradiology.co.in\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/fetalradiology.co.in\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/fetalradiology.co.in\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/users\/7"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/fetalradiology.co.in\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcomments&post=3707"}],"version-history":[{"count":4,"href":"https:\/\/fetalradiology.co.in\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/3707\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":3712,"href":"https:\/\/fetalradiology.co.in\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/3707\/revisions\/3712"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/fetalradiology.co.in\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fmedia&parent=3707"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/fetalradiology.co.in\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcategories&post=3707"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/fetalradiology.co.in\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Ftags&post=3707"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}