{"id":3210,"date":"2020-03-04T16:37:54","date_gmt":"2020-03-04T16:37:54","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/fetalradiology.in\/?p=3210"},"modified":"2020-03-05T02:10:20","modified_gmt":"2020-03-05T02:10:20","slug":"baseline-information-on-childbirth-outcomes-among-pregnant-women-screened-in-the-samrakshan-program-india","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/fetalradiology.co.in\/?p=3210","title":{"rendered":"Baseline information on childbirth outcomes among pregnant women screened in the Samrakshan program, India"},"content":{"rendered":"<p><a href=\"https:\/\/fetalradiology.co.in\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/03\/Screenshot_20200305-073413.jpg\"><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/fetalradiology.co.in\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/03\/Screenshot_20200305-073413-150x150.jpg\" width=\"150\" height=\"150\" alt=\"Table-4 Comparison of the screened population with known estimates from India\" style=\"display:inline-block\" \/><\/a> <a href=\"https:\/\/fetalradiology.co.in\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/03\/Screenshot_20200304-214525.jpg\"><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/fetalradiology.co.in\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/03\/Screenshot_20200304-214525-150x150.jpg\" width=\"150\" height=\"150\" alt=\"Table-4 Comparison of the screened population with known estimates from India\" style=\"display:inline-block\" \/><\/a> <a href=\"https:\/\/fetalradiology.co.in\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/03\/Screenshot_20200304-214448.jpg\"><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/fetalradiology.co.in\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/03\/Screenshot_20200304-214448-150x150.jpg\" width=\"150\" height=\"150\" alt=\"Table 3: Severe Preterm Births (<34 gestation weeks) in the screened population\" style=\"display:inline-block\" \/><\/a> <a href=\"https:\/\/fetalradiology.co.in\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/03\/Screenshot_20200304-214407.jpg\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/fetalradiology.co.in\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/03\/Screenshot_20200304-214407-150x150.jpg\" width=\"150\" height=\"150\" alt=\"Table 2: Gestational age at Childbirth, Birth weight, Estimated Fetal Weight and Neonatal Mortality by Stages of FGR\" style=\"display:inline-block\" \/><\/a> <a href=\"https:\/\/fetalradiology.co.in\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/03\/Screenshot_20200304-214323.jpg\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/fetalradiology.co.in\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/03\/Screenshot_20200304-214323-150x150.jpg\" width=\"150\" height=\"150\" alt=\"Table-1: Clinical categorization of 264 singleton fetuses in the study\" style=\"display:inline-block\" \/><\/a> <\/p><p><b>Authors: <\/b><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Rijo M Choorakuttil, Vanaj Mathur, Lalit K Sharma, Anjali Gupta, Shilpa Satarkar, Renu Sharma, Akanksha Baghel, Neelam Jain, Bavaharan R, Devarajan P, Ramesh S Shenoy, M.R. Balachandran Nair, Praveen K Nirmalan for Team Samrakshan\u00a0<\/span><\/i><\/p>\n<p><b>Author Affiliations:<\/b><\/p>\n<ol>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Rijo M Choorakuttil, National Coordinator for Samrakshan IRIA, AMMA Center for Diagnosis and Preventive Medicine, Kochi, Kerala, India<\/span><b>\u00a0<\/b><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Vanaj Mathur, Dr.Mathur&#8217;s Ultrasound,Colour Doppler &amp; Digital X-ray Centre, 2\/2, Swadeshi Bima Nagar Civil Lines, Agra-282002, UP<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Lalit K Sharma, Raj Sonography &amp; X- Ray Clinic, Baiju Choraha, Nayapura, Guna, Madhya Pradesh, India<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Anjali Gupta, Anjali Ultrasound and Colour Doppler centre, 2nd floor, Shanti Madhuban Plaza, Delhi Gate, Agra, Uttar Pradesh, India<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Shilpa R Satarkar, Antarang Sonography and Colour Doppler Center, Satarkar Hospital, Plot 20. Tilaknagar, Aurangabad, Maharashtra, India<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Renu Sharma, Dr Renu&#8217;s Diagnostic Center,E 6 Basant Vihar, Sikar, Rajasthan, India\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Akanksha Baghel, Baghel Sonography Center. Front of Janpat Office, near District Hospital, Harda, Madhya Pradesh, India<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Neelam Jain, Jain Ultrasound centre, C-112, B block, Dispensary road Sonari, Jamshedpur Jharkhand, India<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Bavaharan R, Fetocare Magnum Imaging and Diagnostics, Trichy, Tamil Nadu, India<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Devarajan P, Nethra Scans and Genetic Clinic, Tiruppur, Tamil Nadu, India<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Ramesh S Shenoy, Consultant Radiologist, Lisie Hospital, Ernakulam, Kerala, India<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">M.R. Balachandran Nair, Department of Radiology, Jubilee Mission Hospital, Thrissur, Kerala, India\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Praveen K Nirmalan, Chief Research Mentor, AMMA ERF, AMMA Center for Diagnosis and Preventive Medicine, Kochi, Kerala, India<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<p><b>Running Title: <\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Outcomes of Childbirth<\/span><\/p>\n<p><b>Corresponding Author: <\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Rijo M Choorakuttil, National Coordinator for Samrakshan IRIA, AMMA Center for Diagnosis and Preventive Medicine, Kochi, Kerala, India.\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">E mail: <\/span><a href=\"mailto:samrakshaniria@gmail.com\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">samrakshaniria@gmail.com<\/span><\/a><\/p>\n<p><b>Key words: <\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Pregnancy, Fetal Radiology, Colour Doppler, Ultrasound, Outcomes, Samrakshan, India\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<p><b>Abstract<\/b><\/p>\n<p><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Aim: <\/span><\/i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">To determine magnitude of perinatal outcomes and characteristics as part of the baseline data of Samrakshan India<\/span><\/p>\n<p><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Methods: <\/span><\/i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Details of child birth of women screened in the Samrakshan program were stored in an online database without individual patient identifiers. The incidence of abnormal Doppler studies, Pre eclampsia and fetal growth restriction, gestational age at delivery, estimated fetal weight and birth weights, neonatal mortality and still births were collected.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Results<\/span><\/i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">: The data of 264 child births among women screened as part of Samrakshan between July 2019 and February 2020 was analyzed. An abnormal Doppler study in the 3rd trimester was present in 93 (35.23%, 95% CI: 29.71, 41.16) of the 264 women. Twenty-six (9.85%, 95% CI: 6.81, 14.04) women had developed pre-eclampsia during the course of pregnancy.\u00a0 78 (29.54%, 95% CI: 24.37, 35.31) women had a preterm birth (&lt;37 weeks). 56.94% of the fetuses with stage 1 FGR had childbirth at or more than 37 gestation weeks with a mean birthweight of 2603.96 (393.24) grams and 27 of these 41 fetuses attained a birthweight greater than 2500 grams. The neonatal mortality rate was 15.32 per 1000 live births and perinatal mortality rate was 26.52 per 1000 pregnancies.\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<p><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Conclusion: <\/span><\/i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">The preliminary baseline data from Samrakshan shows the potential for reduction in perinatal mortality through a systematic, concerted, liaised approach that involves trimester specific screening protocols integrating colour Doppler ultrasound studies.\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<p><b>Introduction<\/b><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Samrakshan, the national program of the Indian Radiological and Imaging Association (IRIA) aims to reduce perinatal mortality in India.[1] The program utilizes an individual competing risk assessment based trimester specific algorithm and protocols integrating colour Doppler ultrasound studies to screen pregnant women and identify women at risk for preterm preeclampsia (PE) and fetal growth restriction (FGR). [2-6] Samrakshan has specific offline and online training modules and CME programs for radiologists and a data-based evidence generation and evaluation process. [1,7] Samrakshan has previously published baseline information from the initial 8 months related to the 2<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">nd<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> and 3<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">rd<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> trimester of pregnancy as part of the evaluation process of the program.[2,3,6] In this manuscript, we report on the childbirth outcomes for the first 8 months of the program.\u00a0 The baseline information will be used to benchmark improvement of perinatal outcome measures in Samrakshan.\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<p><b>Methods<\/b><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">The processes and protocols of Samrakshan have been described previously.[1-3,6] Briefly, each woman screened in Samrakshan is assigned a unique identification number that is used to track further documentation through pregnancy. Clinico-demographic details including maternal age, type of conception, parity, height and weight, past obstetric history, and presence of co-morbidity was collected from each woman. Systolic and diastolic blood pressures were measured in the seated position [4] to derive a mean arterial blood pressure (MAP). Routine ultrasound examinations were performed in each trimester and included measures of amniotic fluid using the single deepest vertical pocket in the 2<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">nd<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> trimester and amniotic fluid index in the 3<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">rd<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> trimester [8,9], and measures of placental thickness. The estimated fetal weight (EFW) was derived using the Hadlock III formula that included fetal abdominal circumference, head circumference and femur length. [10] Additionally, trimester specific colour Doppler studies were performed using standard measurement guidelines. Abnormal Doppler studies included one or more of\u00a0 mean uterine artery pulsatility index (PI) &gt;95<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">th<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> percentile, umbilical artery PI &gt;95<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">th<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> percentile, middle cerebral artery (MCA) Doppler PI\u00a0 &lt;5<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">th<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> percentile, a Cerebro-Placental Ratio (CPR) &lt;5<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">th<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> percentile, absent or reversed end diastolic flow velocity, and an abnormal Ductus Venosus.[11-13]\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Fetal Growth was categorized as Stages 1 -4, no fetal growth restriction (FGR) or small for gestational age (SGA) and managed based on the protocol described by Figueras at al. [5] A SGA fetus was defined as a fetus with EFW 3-10<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">th<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> percentile and a normal Doppler study.[5] Childbirth outcomes of interest included preterm births, birthweight, neonatal mortality and still births.\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Data was entered and submitted as online forms that were stored in a secure, password protected database. Data was exported to MS Excel for data cleaning and primary analysis and additional analyses were performed using the open source Open Epi program. The frequency distribution of categorical variables were expressed as proportions and 95% confidence intervals around the point estimates. Continuous variables were expressed as mean and standard deviation and compared using a parametric students t-test. A p value &lt;0.05 was considered statistically significant. Neonatal mortality rate was defined as the number of neonatal deaths among live births and expressed as per 1,000 live births. Perinatal mortality rate was defined as the number of perinatal deaths (including still births) among pregnancies and expressed as per 1,000 pregnancies.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><b>Results<\/b><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">The data of 264 child births, for whom outcomes forms were received, among women screened as part of Samrakshan between July 2019 and February 2020 was analyzed. The mean age (SD) of these women was 27.43 (4.88) years. Twenty-six (9.85%, 95% CI: 6.81, 14.04) women were 35 years or older and 54 (20.45%, 95% CI: 16.03, 25.73) women were between 30 and 35 years. The majority of women had a spontaneous or natural conception (n=262) and 132 (50.00%, 95% CI: 43.98, 56.02) women were nulliparous.\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">An abnormal Doppler study in the 3rd trimester was present in 93 (35.23%, 95% CI: 29.71, 41.16) of the 264 women with documented childbirth outcomes (see Table-1).\u00a0 These included 39 (14.77%, 95% CI: 11, 19.56) mean uterine artery PI &gt;95<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">th<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> percentile,\u00a0 29 (10.98%, 95% CI: 7.76, 15.33) umbilical artery PI &gt;95<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">th<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> percentile, 37 ( 14.01%, 95% CI: 10.34, 18.72) MCA PI &lt;5<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">th<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> percentile and 57 (21.59%, 95% CI: 17.05, 26.94%) CPR &lt;5<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">th<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> percentile. The mean (SD) gestational age at delivery (36.67 (2.52) weeks) for those with abnormal Doppler studies did not differ significantly (student&#8217;s t-test p value 0.15) from those with a normal Doppler study (37.08 (1.65) weeks).\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<p><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"aligncenter size-full wp-image-3212\" src=\"http:\/\/fetalradiology.in\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/03\/Screenshot_20200304-214323.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"617\" height=\"320\" srcset=\"https:\/\/fetalradiology.co.in\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/03\/Screenshot_20200304-214323.jpg 617w, https:\/\/fetalradiology.co.in\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/03\/Screenshot_20200304-214323-300x156.jpg 300w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 617px) 100vw, 617px\" \/><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">The distribution of gestational age at delivery, birth weight and EFW at staging of FGR is presented in Table-2. Forty-one (56.94%, 95% CI: 45.44, 67.74) of the fetuses with stage 1 FGR had childbirth at or more than 37 gestation weeks. The mean birthweight of this subset ( stage 1 FGR, term delivery) was 2603.96 (393.24) grams. Twenty seven of these 41 fetuses attained a birthweight greater than 2500 grams.\u00a0 There was a significant improvement in birth weight compared to EFW in fetuses with Stage 1 FGR (p=0.0006). The mean (SD) interval between gestational age at staging of FGR in the 3<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">rd<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> trimester to childbirth was 2.02 (1.73) weeks (range &lt;1week to 8 weeks) for stage 1 FGR fetuses in this series. The birth weight and EFW did not differ significantly for stage 3 (p=0.96) and stage 4 FGR fetuses (p=-0.98). The EFW and birth weight was not compared for stage 2 FGR as there was only 1 fetus in this subgroup.\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<p><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"aligncenter size-full wp-image-3213\" src=\"http:\/\/fetalradiology.in\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/03\/Screenshot_20200304-214407.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"610\" height=\"278\" srcset=\"https:\/\/fetalradiology.co.in\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/03\/Screenshot_20200304-214407.jpg 610w, https:\/\/fetalradiology.co.in\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/03\/Screenshot_20200304-214407-300x137.jpg 300w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 610px) 100vw, 610px\" \/><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Outcomes were available for 13 fetuses identified as SGA and were advised routine follow up instead of close surveillance. The mean gestational age at delivery for this subgroup was 36.17 (2.24) weeks and the mean birth weight was 2298.46 (435.30) grams. There was no neonatal mortality among fetuses identified as SGA in this series.\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">The mean gestational age at delivery was 36.13 (1.25) weeks and birth weight 1926.37 (302.28) grams for fetuses (n=32) identified as EFW &lt;3<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">rd<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> percentile in the 3<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">rd<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> trimester. Three of these 32 fetuses had a neonatal death.\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Outcomes were available for 42 fetuses with an EFW 10-50<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">th<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> percentile (AGA) and abnormal Doppler study. The mean gestational age at delivery was 37.28 (2.04) weeks and mean birth weight was 2623.48 (489.25) grams for these 42 fetuses. One of these 42 fetuses had an umbilical artery PI &gt;95<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">th<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> percentile, MCA &lt;5<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">th<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> percentile, CPR &lt;5<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">th<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> percentile and DV &gt;95<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">th<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> percentile. This fetus had an emergency delivery at 30.3 weeks but succumbed in the early neonatal period.\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Twenty-six (9.85%, 95% CI: 6.81, 14.04) women had developed pre-eclampsia during the course of pregnancy.\u00a0 This included 21 (7.95%, 95% CI:5.26, 11.85) women who developed preterm PE &lt;37 gestation weeks. 5 of these 21 women with maternal preterm PE developed PE before 34 gestation weeks. The mean gestational age for women with PE was 34.07 (3.17) weeks and mean birth weight was 1880 (649.38) grams.\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">78 (29.54%, 95% CI: 24.37,\u00a0 35.31) women had a preterm birth (&lt;37 weeks). This included 32 pregnancies with abnormal Doppler study and 20\u00a0 pregnancies with preterm PE. 15 of the 78 preterm births (19.23% of preterm births or 5.68% of total childbirths) were earlier than 34 weeks (See Table-3). Twelve (80%) of these 15 women had preterm PE.\u00a0 Childbirth occurred at 40 weeks or more in 15 pregnancies (5.68%) that included 4 fetuses categorized as stage 1 FGR and 2 fetuses categorized as stage 3 FGR.\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<p><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"aligncenter size-full wp-image-3214\" src=\"http:\/\/fetalradiology.in\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/03\/Screenshot_20200304-214448.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"637\" height=\"268\" srcset=\"https:\/\/fetalradiology.co.in\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/03\/Screenshot_20200304-214448.jpg 637w, https:\/\/fetalradiology.co.in\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/03\/Screenshot_20200304-214448-300x126.jpg 300w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 637px) 100vw, 637px\" \/><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Overall, there were 4 neonatal deaths in this series of 264 fetuses. All 4 these pregnancies with neonatal mortality had an abnormal Doppler study in the antenatal period, 1 of the 4 mothers had preterm PE and 3 of the 4 fetuses had an EFW &lt;3<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">rd<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> percentile, and one fetus had an EFW 10-50<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">th<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> percentile respectively. All 4 fetuses had a stage 3 FGR and were delivered preterm at gestational ages of 29, 30.3, 34 and 35 weeks. The neonatal mortality rate was 15.32 per 1000 live births.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">There were 3 still births in this series. Maternal preterm PE was present in 2 still births with Doppler findings consistent with Stage 3 and Stage 4 FGR and birth at less than 34 weeks. One of these still births had associated major congenital abnormalities. One of the still births occurred at 39 weeks in a woman with gestational diabetes diagnosed elsewhere. The first visit in the program for this woman was at 34 weeks and the fetus had EFW 10-50<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">th<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> percentile and a normal Doppler study at this visit.\u00a0 The woman did not return for the recommended follow up at 36 weeks and presented at the 39<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">th<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> week with loss of fetal movements of 3 days duration and ultrasound exam confirmed intrauterine fetal demise.\u00a0 The perinatal mortality rate was 26.52 per 1000 pregnancies. Table -4 compares the magnitude of FGR, PE and Perinatal mortality in the screened population with known estimates from India.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"aligncenter size-full wp-image-3218\" src=\"http:\/\/fetalradiology.in\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/03\/Screenshot_20200305-073413.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"817\" height=\"438\" srcset=\"https:\/\/fetalradiology.co.in\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/03\/Screenshot_20200305-073413.jpg 817w, https:\/\/fetalradiology.co.in\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/03\/Screenshot_20200305-073413-300x161.jpg 300w, https:\/\/fetalradiology.co.in\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/03\/Screenshot_20200305-073413-768x412.jpg 768w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 817px) 100vw, 817px\" \/><\/p>\n<p><b>Discussion<\/b><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">The primary aim of Samrakshan is to utilize a synergistic and holistic approach that builds on the skill sets and expertise of fetal radiologists in India to complement and supplement existing efforts to address perinatal mortality in India.[1] The primary outcome of interest is the perinatal mortality rate. [1] Factors that have a major impact on perinatal mortality rates include FGR, PE and preterm births and form the core secondary outcome measures of interest relevant to childbirth. [1]<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">It is important to have a benchmark estimate to measure the progress and impact of the program. Perinatal Statistics in India vary by state and even by districts within states based on diversity of geographical, economic, infrastructure, social and cultural determinants. The statistics also differ based on the definitions as well as methodological approaches used to estimate magnitude. Currently, an estimated 8-10% of pregnant women may develop pre eclampsia in India, intrauterine growth restriction estimates have reduced from 54% of pregnancies in 1995 to 43% in 2014, low birth weight in about 26% of pregnancies and a combination of intrauterine growth restriction and low birth weight is present in an estimated 21% of pregnancies. [14-21] The incidence rate of IUGR is consistently higher than that of IUGR-LBW in all data sets by a mean difference of about 15%.[22] The preterm birth rate for India based on data from 2014 was reported as 13.6% (95% CI: 11.1-16.1); nearly one fourth of the global preterm births are in India.[23] The trends for preterm births, however, show an increasing trend. There are several reasons for the increasing trend in preterm births. [23] These include better measurement and reporting, increases in the population of pregnant women with \u201colder maternal age\u201d, increase in coexisting chronic or lifestyle maternal health problems such as diabetes and high blood pressure, increased prevalence of\u00a0 infertility treatments leading to increased rates of multiple pregnancies, changes in obstetric practices such as more caesarean births before term especially with increased availability and access to quality neonatal intensive care services.\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">From a Samrakshan program perspective, we decided that it is important have an internal program baseline benchmark for comparison of longitudinal progress besides comparisons with the external nationally available data on indicators of interest. The baseline data will also allow us to determine, to a certain extent, the representativeness of the Samrakshan screened population and to identify areas for focused improvements through the program.\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">The incidence of pre eclampsia in the screened population was similar to the national reported estimates of prevalence of preeclampsia. However, the incidence of FGR was significantly lower in the screened population. This difference can be attributed to the change in definition with FGR defined primarily on an abnormal Doppler study while the national estimates were based on a percentile (&lt;10<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">th<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> percentile weight) criteria. The incidence of abnormal Doppler studies and FGR is still high with approximately one third of pregnant women having an abnormal Doppler study and\/or FGR. Nearly 40% of pregnant women in India need closer surveillance if we consider the magnitude of PE as well. Samrakshan has initiated a 1<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">st<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> trimester screening protocol with the recommendation of low dose aspirin 150 mg at bedtime those found at high risk for preterm PE and FGR. [23] Based on the baseline magnitude of PE and FGR, approximately 35% of the 1<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">st<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> trimester screened population may need preventative use of low dose aspirin and mostly to prevent FGR than PE. Considering that the aim of screening is to reduce false negatives (as FGR and PE have severe consequences) with a possible resultant increase in false screen positives, an estimated 40-45% of the 1<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">st<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> trimester screened population may need low dose aspirin.\u00a0\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">The staging of FGR and the stage based management of FGR give us several important benchmarks. The majority of FGR was stage 1 FGR, a milder category of FGR and most of these could be carried till near term with regular follow up. We do not have enough data, at present, to consider if the increased surveillance is useful but the preliminary evidence suggests that the increased focused surveillance with Doppler study of this group may reduce the incidence of preterm births. 56.94%\u00a0 of the fetuses with stage 1 FGR had childbirth at or more than 37 gestation weeks with a mean birthweight of 2603.96 (393.24) grams and 27 of these 41 fetuses attained a birthweight greater than 2500 grams.\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Colour Doppler studies helped to identify a subset of fetuses, among FGR fetuses, at increased risk. Our results show a high perinatal mortality rate in stage 3 and stage 4 FGR fetuses indicating the need for priority childbirth in these stages. We also found that the estimated fetal weight, as determined by Hadlock III, was not significantly different from birthweight in stage 3 and Stage 4 FGR fetuses, where assessment to delivery was less than a week, suggesting that Hadlock III may have good accuracy to estimate fetal weight in these small fetuses. However, the program was not designed specifically to address this question and we need a larger sample size to reach any conclusion on that.\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">The integration of colour Doppler studies helped to differentiate SGA from FGR babies. We found that perinatal outcomes of SGA fetuses remained good even in the absence of intense surveillance. These fetuses were advised routine 3<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">rd<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> trimester follow up similar to AGA babies, had a mean gestational age at delivery close to term and did not have perinatal mortality.\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Abnormal Doppler Studies and perinatal mortality is not restricted to fetuses with EFW &lt;10<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">th<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> percentile; we have previously reported on abnormal Doppler studies in fetuses with EFW 10-50<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">th<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> percentile. The mean gestational age of this subgroup was 37.28 (2.04) weeks and mean birth weight was 2623.48 (489.25) grams indicating good perinatal outcomes. One of these fetuses died in the neonatal period with Doppler findings consistent of Stage 4 FGR and major structural abnormalities. We need a larger sample size of outcomes in this subgroup to determine follow up patterns for this subgroup (EFW 10-50<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">th<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> percentile with abnormal Doppler studies) of fetuses.\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Maternal PE remains a major influence on perinatal mortality and preterm births in the screened population. We will be able to better discern the preventative effects of low dose aspirin as the program continues and we get a larger sample size of child births in women that received low dose aspirin in the 1<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">st<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> trimester. Besides the impact on the incidence of preterm PE, low dose aspirin may also influence perinatal mortality, incidence of FGR and preterm births.[24] Approximately one third of the screened population had a preterm birth. This may reduce with Samrakshan as rates of PE and FGR may change with low dose aspirin and obstetric childbirth plans may change based on FGR stages with an improved potential to more objectively determine fetuses that can be carried to term.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Samrakshan is currently operational in 10 states with childbirth outcomes available from 3 north Indian and two South Indian states. Our preliminary data shows the potential for reduction in perinatal mortality through a systematic, concerted, liaised approach that involves fetal radiologists, obstetricians and neonatologists in India.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><b><i>References<\/i><\/b><\/p>\n<ol>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Choorakuttil RM, Patel H, Bavaharan R, Devarajan P, Kanhirat S, Shenoy RS, Tiwari OP, Sodani RK, Sharma LK, Nirmalan PK. Samrakshan: An Indian radiological and imaging association program to reduce perinatal mortality in India. Indian J Radiol Imaging 2019;29:412-7<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Bavaharan R, Choorakuttil RM, Ahuja B, Gupta A, Sharma LK, Baghel A, et al. Routine 3rd Trimester Colour Doppler Ultrasound in Fetuses with Estimated Fetal Weight 10-50th centiles in India- Preliminary Results from the Samrakshan Program. Journal of Fetal Radiology. Accessed online from <\/span><a href=\"http:\/\/fetalradiology.in\/2020\/01\/16\/routine-3rd-trimester-colour-doppler-ultrasound-in-fetuses-with-estimated-fetal-weight-10-50th-centiles-in-india-preliminary-results-from-the-samrakshan-program\/\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">http:\/\/fetalradiology.in\/2020\/01\/16\/routine-3rd-trimester-colour-doppler-ultrasound-in-fetuses-with-estimated-fetal-weight-10-50th-centiles-in-india-preliminary-results-from-the-samrakshan-program\/<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> on February 1,2020<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Anjali G, Renu S, Sharma LK, Akanksha B, Bavaharan R, Shilpa RS, at al. Colour Doppler studies identify more fetuses at risk for compromise in the third trimester: Preliminary results from Samrakshan India. Journal of Fetal Radiology. Accessed online from <\/span><a href=\"http:\/\/fetalradiology.in\/2020\/02\/09\/colour-doppler-studies-identify-more-fetuses-at-risk-for-compromise-in-the-third-trimester-preliminary-results-from-samrakshan-india\/\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">http:\/\/fetalradiology.in\/2020\/02\/09\/colour-doppler-studies-identify-more-fetuses-at-risk-for-compromise-in-the-third-trimester-preliminary-results-from-samrakshan-india\/<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> on March 1, 2020<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Poon LC, Zymeri NA, Zamprakou A, Syngelaki A, Nicolaides KH. Protocol for measurement of mean arterial pressure at 11\u201013 weeks\u2019 gestation. Fetal Diagn Ther. 2012; 31: 42\u2013 48.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Figueras F, Gratac\u00f3s E. Update on the diagnosis and classification of fetal growth restriction and proposal of a stage-based management protocol. Fetal Diagn Ther. 2014;36(2):86\u201398.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Neelam Jain, Prashant M Onkar, Sunitha Pradeep, Devarajan P, Anjali Gupta, Lalit K Sharma,at al. 2nd trimester screening to identify pregnancies at risk for preterm preeclampsia and fetal growth restriction: Preliminary results from Samrakshan India. Journal of\u00a0 Fetal Radiology. Accessed online from <\/span><a href=\"http:\/\/fetalradiology.in\/2020\/02\/24\/2nd-trimester-screening-to-identify-pregnancies-at-risk-for-preterm-preeclampsia-and-fetal-growth-restriction-preliminary-results-from-samrakshan-india\/\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">http:\/\/fetalradiology.in\/2020\/02\/24\/2nd-trimester-screening-to-identify-pregnancies-at-risk-for-preterm-preeclampsia-and-fetal-growth-restriction-preliminary-results-from-samrakshan-india\/<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> on March 1, 2020<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Ramesh Shenoy, Rijo M Choorakuttil, Rajalingam Bavaharan, Palanisamy Devarajan, Praveen K Nirmalan. Mobile Learning as an Integral Part of Samrakshan IRIA national program. Journal of Fetal Radiology. Accessed online at <\/span><a href=\"http:\/\/fetalradiology.in\/2019\/11\/25\/mobile-learning-as-an-integral-part-of-samrakshan-iria-national-program\/\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">http:\/\/fetalradiology.in\/2019\/11\/25\/mobile-learning-as-an-integral-part-of-samrakshan-iria-national-program\/<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> on March 1, 2020<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Williams K. Amniotic fluid assessment. Obstet Gynecol Surv 1993; 48: 795\u2013 800.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Moise KJ, Jr. Toward consistent terminology: assessment and reporting of amniotic fluid volume. Semin Perinatol 2013; 37: 370\u2013 374.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Hadlock FP, Harrist RB, Sharman RS, Deter RL, Park SK. Estimation of fetal weight with the use of head, body, and femur measurements: a prospective study. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 1985;151:333\u20137.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Sotiriadis A, Hernandez\u2010Andrade E, da Silva Costa F, et al. ISUOG Practice Guidelines: Role of ultrasound in screening for and follow\u2010up of pre\u2010eclampsia. Ultrasound Obstet Gynecol. 2019; 53: 7\u2013 22.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Yu CK, Smith GC, Papageorghiou AT, Cacho AM, Nicolaides KH, Fetal Medicine Foundation Second\u2010Trimester Screening Group. An integrated model for the prediction of preeclampsia using maternal factors and uterine artery Doppler velocimetry in unselected low\u2010risk women. Am J Obstet Gynecol 2005; 193: 429\u2013436.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Papageorghiou AT, Yu CK, Erasmus IE, Cuckle HS, Nicolaides KH. Assessment of risk for the development of pre\u2010eclampsia by maternal characteristics and uterine artery Doppler. BJOG 2005; 112: 703\u2013 709.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">International Institute for Population Sciences (IIPS) and ICF. 2017. National Family Health Survey (NFHS-4) 2015-16: India. Mumbai: IIPS\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Million Death Study Collaborators, Bassani DG, Kumar R, et al. Causes of neonatal and child mortality in India: a nationally representative mortality survey. Lancet. 2010; 376:1853\u20131860.\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Pre eclampsia. National Health Portal India. Accessed online from <\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/www.nhp.gov.in\/disease\/gynaecology-and-obstetrics\/preeclampsia%20on%20March%201\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">https:\/\/www.nhp.gov.in\/disease\/gynaecology-and-obstetrics\/preeclampsia on March 1<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">, 2020<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Antonisamy B, Sivaram M, Richard J, Rao PSS. Trends in Intra-uterine Growth of Single Live Births in Southern India. J Trop Pediatr. 1996. 339\u2013341<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Pinheiro A, David A, Joseph B. Pregnancy weight gain and its correlation to birth weight. Indian J Med Sci. 2001;55:266\u2013270.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Maternal anthropometry and pregnancy outcomes. A WHO Collaborative Study: Introduction. Bull World Health Organ. 1995. S1\u201398.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">S. Murki, D. Sharma. Intrauterine Growth Retardation &#8211; A Review Article. J Neonatal Biol 2014, 3:3. DOI: 10.4172\/2167-0897.1000135<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Deepak Sharma, Sweta Shastri, Nazanin Farahbakhsh &amp; Pradeep Sharma (2016) Intrauterine growth restriction \u2013 part 1, The Journal of Maternal-Fetal &amp; Neonatal Medicine, 29:24, 3977-3987.\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Saleem T, Sajjad N, Fatima S, Habib N, Ali SR, Qadir M. Intrauterine growth retardation&#8211;small events, big consequences. Ital J Pediatr. 2011\u00a0 7;37:41. doi: 10.1186\/1824-7288-37-41. PMID: 21899747; PMCID: PMC3177763.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Chawanpaiboon S, Vogel JP, Moller AB, et al. Global, regional, and national estimates of levels of preterm birth in 2014: a systematic review and modelling analysis. Lancet Glob Health. 2019;7(1):e37\u2013e46.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Rolnik DL, Wright D, Poon LCY, et al. ASPRE trial: performance of screening for preterm pre-eclampsia [published correction appears in Ultrasound Obstet Gynecol. 2017 Dec;50(6):807]. Ultrasound Obstet Gynecol. 2017;50(4):492\u2013495<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ol>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>An abnormal Doppler study in the 3rd trimester was present in 93 (35.23%, 95% CI: 29.71, 41.16) of the 264 women with documented childbirth outcomes. Twenty-six (9.85%, 95% CI: 6.81, 14.04) women had developed pre-eclampsia and  78 (29.54%, 95% CI: 24.37,  35.31) women had a preterm birth (<37 weeks).The neonatal mortality rate was 15.32 per 1000 live births and perinatal mortality rate was 26.52 per 1000 pregnancies.\n<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":7,"featured_media":3212,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[14],"tags":[42,26,27,44,31,41,43],"class_list":["post-3210","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-original-article","tag-colour-doppler","tag-fetal-radiology","tag-india","tag-perinatal-outcomes","tag-pregnancy","tag-samrakshan","tag-ultrasound"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/fetalradiology.co.in\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/3210","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/fetalradiology.co.in\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/fetalradiology.co.in\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/fetalradiology.co.in\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/users\/7"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/fetalradiology.co.in\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcomments&post=3210"}],"version-history":[{"count":3,"href":"https:\/\/fetalradiology.co.in\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/3210\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":3219,"href":"https:\/\/fetalradiology.co.in\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/3210\/revisions\/3219"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/fetalradiology.co.in\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/media\/3212"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/fetalradiology.co.in\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fmedia&parent=3210"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/fetalradiology.co.in\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcategories&post=3210"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/fetalradiology.co.in\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Ftags&post=3210"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}